STAB is an acronym, which stands for Same-Type Attack Bonus. STAB boosts a move's power by 50% if the Pokémon using the move matches the type of the move (or the move matches the type of the Pokémon, depending on how you want to think about it). For, example, say you have a Charizard.
This is your Charizard. (Let's suppose that he's male, since, statistically, males are more common.) He has at least two moves that we know of: Flamethrower, and Rock Smash. Since Charizard is a Fire/Flying-type, he'll get Same-Type Attack Bonus on a move like Flamethrower, boosting its power from 90 to 135. Neat, right? Well, if he uses Rock Smash, its power will still be 40, because the move doesn't get STAB as Charizard isn't a Fighting-type.
This is Blaziken, a Fire/Fighting-type. If Blaziken was to use Rock Smash, he (statistically male) would get STAB; if Blaziken uses Flamethrower, he also gets STAB because of his dual-typing. You could also look at a non-Fire type who gets STAB from Rock Smash, but that would just be anything with Fighting-type in its typing, like Breloom (Grass/Fighting), Mankey (Fighting), Toxicroak (Poison/Fighting), etc.
STAB applies to the current type of a move, rather than the type listed. This means that if a Pokémon uses a variable-type move like Hidden Power, he or she could get STAB from the type of move Hidden Power becomes. (Charizard would get STAB from Hidden Power Fire, for example.) A Normal-type Hidden Power is impossible (except with Normalize, which makes all moves Normal-type), so a pure Normal-type could not receive STAB from Hidden Power in any case.
Pokémon with the Ability Protean always have STAB, because their type changes depending on the move they are using. This can make them a bit bothersome to deal with...especially because move effectiveness against the Pokémon immediately changes...
Anyway, I hope you've enjoyed this mini-lesson on STAB!
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